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- University of Guelph
- Lucid via Discover Life
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Identification |
- Antennae long, slender
- Mouthparts mandibulate, prognathous
- Body long, cylindrical
- Prothorax shorter than meso- or metathorax
- Leg segments long and slender
- Tarsi 5-segmented
- Wings often reduced or absent
- Cerci short, unsegmented
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Geographic distribution |
Common in tropical and subtropical climates where they are found living on their host plants.
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North America
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Worldwide
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| Number of Families |
2 |
3 |
| Number of Species |
32 |
>2500 |
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Natural history | |
The leaf and stick insects are sometimes grouped as a family or suborder of Orthoptera. All species are
herbivores. As the name "walkingstick" implies, most phasmids are slender, cylindrical, and cryptically
colored to resemble the twigs and branches on which they live. Members of the family Timemidae
(=Phyllidae) bear a strong resemblance to leaves: abdomens are broad and flat, legs have large lateral
extensions, and coloration is primarily brown, green, or yellow. Most walkingsticks are slow-moving
insects, a behavior pattern that is consistent with their cryptic lifestyle. In a few tropical species, the adults
have well-developed wings, but most phasmids are brachypterous (reduced wings) or secondarily
wingless. Stick insects are most abundant in the tropics where some species may be up to 30 cm (12
inches) in length. Females do not have a well-developed ovipositor so they cannot insert their eggs into
host plant tissue like most other Orthoptera. Instead, the eggs are dropped singly onto the ground,
sometimes from great heights.
A Few Facts:
- Phasmid eggs often resemble seeds. The eggs may remain dormant for over a year before hatching.
- In some parts of the tropics, stick insects may be so abundant that eggs falling out of the trees may sound like rain on a tin roof.
- Some walkingsticks are sold as pets. They are easy to rear if kept in a warm environment with fresh foliage from their host plant.
- Glands located on the thorax of many species can produce a foul-smelling liquid that repels predators.
- When attacked by a predator, the legs of some phasmids may separate from the body (autotomy).
Some species can even regenerate lost legs. These are the only insects able to regenerate body parts.
- Several species produce offspring from unfertilized eggs (parthenogenesis). Males may be uncommon or unknown.
- Some phasmids change color with changes in temperature, humidity, or light intensity.
Pigment granules in the epidermis disperse at night or on cool days, darkening the cuticle and absorbing more heat.
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Acknowledgements | |
This page was constructed from Casandra Lloyd's (Ecology Major, UGA) original Phasmatodea page.
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Following modified from University of Guelph
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Top | See original
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Order - PHASMATODEA
(Greek,
phasma
= apparition, phantom)
Common Names:
stick insects, leaf insects, walking stick insects
Distribution:
Warmer parts of world, especially the tropics
Description
Although diverse in the tropics, the Phasmatodea is a small group in North America. The only northeastern species is illustrated here.
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Updated: 2019-02-16 07:05:11 gmt
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